The primary purpose of this document is to establish procedures which help avoid chemical carcinogen exposures to laboratory workers, and to prevent contamination of the laboratory, equipment and the environment.

Unlike industrial processes or repetitive assembly line type operations, a research laboratory is constantly changing the types of materials used and the methods for handling them. Researchers dedicated to the same overall objectives may have significantly different potentials for exposure when using the same materials. Ensuring safety while working with extremely hazardous materials such as carcinogens requires that the investigator or lab manager identify all points of hazard and prevent exposure by instituting specific work practices, administrative controls (i.e., minimizing the amount of time an individual is allowed to work with a material) or engineering controls (i.e., the use of exhaust ventilation) as appropriate. Prior to working with a carcinogenic material, determine if a less toxic material may be substituted, and if not, purchase and utilize the smallest amount of the material possible. The last line of protection against exposures to a carcinogen (and the least desirable) is the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Gloves, gowns, lab coats, goggles, safety glasses, etc. can all fail to protect at times. The investigator or lab manager should contact OEHS (828-1392) if an assessment of exposure risk is needed. In some instances, air monitoring may be necessary, and often required by OSHA, to establish potential human exposure.

A wide variety of chemical compounds have been found to be carcinogenic to humans and/or animals. All compounds that cause cancer in any species should be regarded as potentially hazardous to humans working directly with the material, as in a laboratory setting. The tables at the end of this document list all currently identified carcinogens. If you are concerned about a substance which does not appear in the tables, contact OEHS for further assistance. The current American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) categories for carcinogens are listed as follows:

A1 - Confirmed Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic to humans based on the weight of evidence from epidemiological studies of, or convincing clinical evidence in, exposed humans.

A2 - Suspected Human Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at dose levels, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that are considered relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiological studies are conflicting or insufficient to confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans.

A3 - Animal Carcinogen: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s) of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that are not considered relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiological studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence suggests that the agent is not likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

A4 - Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: There is inadequate data on which to classify the agent in terms of its carcinogenicity in humans and/or animals.

A5 - Not Suspected as a Human Carcinogen: The agent is not suspected to be a human carcinogen on the basis of properly conducted epidemiological studies in humans.
 

RISK ASSESSMENT

Carcinogenic activity of a particular chemical is only one of the factors that determine the level of safety measures to be implemented for each particular laboratory operation. The others include: the physical state of the compound or preparation; the volatility of the compound; the concentration and amount handled; the persistence of the compound; and, the type of experiment. The risk involved when working with carcinogens is related to both the quantity and the physical properties of the material being handled and the complexity of the experimental procedure. The risk is greatest when working with highly potent carcinogens, carcinogens which are also highly toxic, large quantities, or when performing complex manipulations. According to the degree of risk inherent in each particular laboratory and laboratory operation, the investigator has the responsibility for deciding the proper safety measures.

In order to assess risk of exposure to a hazardous material, the means by which the body comes in contact with the material must be known. There are essentially 3 ways in which a substance can enter the body:

Inhalation - The most common way that a substance can enter the body is by breathing the substance when it is mixed in the surrounding air.

Ingestion - A substance may be directly or indirectly taken into the mouth. Ingestion of a carcinogen is usually done unknowingly and unintentionally through contaminated food or drink.

Absorption - The third way that a carcinogen enters the body is through the skin. Many substances readily penetrate the skin or damage the skin barrier.

It is beneficial to be aware of the various routes of entry because the knowledge of how one might become exposed allows one to utilize the appropriate preventive measures. Various personal and operational procedures must be practiced in laboratories where chemical carcinogens are handled.
 

PREVENTING EXPOSURE

Preventive measures include engineering and work practice controls and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Engineering and work practice controls are the primary methods used to control exposures. Engineering controls isolate or remove the hazard from employees and are used in conjunction with work practices. Work practice controls reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which the task is performed. Personal protective equipment is specialized clothing or equipment used by employees to protect against direct exposure to carcinogenic materials. Such equipment includes: gloves, gowns, laboratory coats, aprons, face shields, safety glasses or goggles and in some situations, respirators. Under normal working conditions, protective clothing should be the last line of defense in order to realistically achieve zero carcinogen exposure level.

If possible, non-carcinogenic substances should be substituted for chemical carcinogens. If this is not possible, all chemical carcinogens must be treated as extremely hazardous materials. In almost every instance, carcinogens should be handled in containment cabinets (glove box/hood) and, therefore, protective equipment or clothing becomes the secondary barrier between the chemical and the handler.

There is an enormous amount of controversy over what is and is not a carcinogen. Among the group of substances known as "suspect carcinogens," there is a wide variation in potency. All suspect carcinogens should be handled carefully; however, the more potent carcinogens (particularly those in class A1 and A2) should be handled with extreme care. The following operating procedures apply to potent carcinogens. The investigator must make some judgment about the level of risk to lab workers and the VCU community and incoporate these procedures as necessary.
 

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR HANDLING CARCINOGENS

1. WORK AREA LABELING

Doors leading into areas where potent carcinogens are used regularly should be marked distinctively with warning labels. A sign stating one of the following should be highly visible at all entrance and exit areas: "Caution - Cancer - Suspect Agent - Authorized Personnel Only" or "Danger - Chemical Carcinogens - Authorized Personnel Only." Access should be limited to persons involved in the experiment. Some carcinogens, specifically regulated by OSHA, may have additional requirements for the use of regulated areas. When regulated areas are required by OSHA, OEHS will assist each department on a case by case basis in establishing the areas. Doors to the laboratory should be closed while work with carcinogens is being conducted. Doors must be locked when the laboratory is unattended.

2. ENGINEERING AND WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS

Hoods, glove boxes, or isolation cabinets are required protection for working with potent carcinogens, especially when dusts or volatile liquids are being used. Hoods to be used for work with carcinogens must be tested, before work is begun. Hoods should be re-tested periodically, usually once a year or after any structural changes. Contact OEHS to have fume hoods tested. Consideration must be given to where hoods are to be exhausted. In some cases, exhausted air must be treated prior to release. All manipulations involving chemical carcinogens should be performed in such a way that the generation of dusts and aerosols is kept to a minimum.

Avoid contamination of equipment. Contaminated equipment and areas must be cleaned thoroughly, effectively and immediately by laboratory staff. Prior to maintenance workers conducting work on laboratory equipment, all work with carcinogens should cease and the area and equipment must be thoroughly decontaminated.

All work surfaces which could be potentially exposed to chemical carcinogens should be easily cleanable and/or covered with shatterproof glass plates, stainless steel or plastic trays, dry absorbent plastic-backed paper, foil, or other impervious and/or disposable material. This allows for containment of spills and easy clean-up. It is very important to keep working quantities to a minimum. The quantities present in a work area should not exceed the amounts required for one week. Any excess should be stored in an appropriate area. Vessels which contain carcinogens should be properly labeled. Storage cabinets and/or refrigerators should bear the appropriate warning about the potential cancer hazard.

3. DISPOSAL AND SPILL RESPONSE

Carcinogens must not be disposed of down the drain or through the exhaust system. Waste carcinogens must be brought to OEHS for disposal. A completed waste disposal form must accompany the material. The container containing the carcinogen must be properly labeled. Additional information concerning proper disposal procedures and the OEHS's Chemical Waste Disposal Program can be obtained by calling 828-4866.

Spills must be anticipated before they occur. A plan must be written and reviewed with appropriate personnel which covers all likely incidents. Personal protective clothing must be available and utilized for spills. For further assistance with preparing a spill response plan, contact OEHS.

4. PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Eye and face protection in the laboratory is of prime importance because of the possibility of a chemical splash or explosion that could cause permanent damage. Eye protection - safety glasses or goggles (as appropriate for the hazard) are required at all times in the laboratory work environment. Eye protection must be ANSI approved. Safety glasses are intended to prevent solid objects from entering the eyes. When there is a potential for a splash, mist or vapor eye injury, goggles and possibly a face shield must be worn.

In general, the laboratory worker should always be aware of possible points of contamination. Hands should always be kept away from areas of the face, especially the mouth, nose, and eyes. Care must also be taken not to touch other items such as door knobs, telephones, or elevator buttons with gloves worn while handling carcinogens. After completion of a particular experiment, or upon suspected contamination, all laboratory protective clothing should be removed and the hands, forearms, face, and neck should be washed with soap and water. After a possible contamination, the laboratory worker should also shower and dispose of any contaminated personal or protective clothing.

When working with carcinogens, it is extremely important to avoid all skin contact. A fully fastened laboratory coat or disposable coveralls should be worn over street clothing. Clothing must be examined daily for possible contamination and areas of wear and tear. Contaminated laboratory clothing must be either disposed of or decontaminated and laundered. Clothing containing holes or tears should be disposed of appropriately. Gloves must be worn at all times when handling carcinogens or contaminated equipment. The type of glove required, depends on the type of carcinogen in use. Disposable gloves should be discarded after each use and immediately after contamination. Contact OEHS for assistance in glove selection.

5. INVENTORY AND MSDSs

An inventory of all carcinogens must be maintained along with a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for each. MSDS should be reviewed by all individuals who work within the same laboratory, regardless of whether they are involved with hands on manipulation of the carcinogen.

6. TRANSPORTATION OF CARCINOGENS

Laboratory transfer of potent carcinogens must be conducted in a sealed unbreakable outer container. The primary container should be suitably sealed and the secondary container should contain enough absorbent material, such as vermiculite, to cushion the primary container. The packaging should be able to absorb the contents of the primary container if a liquid spill should occur. The secondary or transfer container should also be suitably labeled. Freight elevators should be utilized to transport carcinogens (or other hazardous substances) within the building.

7. EMPLOYEE TRAINING

Laboratory employees must be specifically trained on the potential hazards of carcinogens. Training must include: a) a description of the carcinogenic hazards - local and systemic toxicity; b) description of operations in which an exposure could occur; c) information on emergency response actions of the laboratory; d) specific information to aid the employee in recognizing and evaluating situations that may result in an exposure; and, e) information concerning proper decontamination procedures. All employee training must be fully documented and kept on file in the laboratory's chemical hygiene plan.

8. MONITORING

In areas where acrylonitrile, arsenic, asbestos, benzene, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, lead and vinyl chloride are used, OEHS must be notified for a preview of operations and initial monitoring of airborne concentrations. If concentrations are below prescribed levels, additional monitoring may not be necessary. If levels exceed standards, a compliance monitoring program is necessary with a designated amount and frequency of sampling specified along with necessary corrective actions to reduce exposures.

Depending upon the nature of the carcinogen, a medical monitoring program may need to be established prior to the initiation of a research study. The principle investigator, in consultation with the Institutional Biosafety Committee, will designate those employees whose activities place them at sufficient risk to require inclusion in a medical monitoring program. The purposes of the medical monitoring program are: a) to provide a mechanism by which job related illnesses can be detected; b) to determine the level of risk for employees working in specific areas with specific chemicals as compared with other employees; c) to determine the adequacy of protective equipment and procedures; and, d) to verify that hazardous agents/materials are not being introduced by the University into the general population. Each employee participating in the medical monitoring program shall report all significant illnesses to Employee Health Services as soon as symptoms and/or an exposure are experienced.

9. EXPOSURES

Employees potentially exposed to a carcinogen must immediately report the incident to their supervisor (and subsequently to the principle investigator), and seek medical attention through the ER or Employee Health (whichever is appropriate).
 
 

CHEMICAL AND PROCESSES CLASSIFIED AS CARCINOGENS

CHEMICAL NAME/PROCESS	CAS NO	IARC1	NTP2	NIOSH3	OSHA4	ACGIH5
A-alpha-C(2-Amino-9H- 2B  pyrideo[2,3-b]indole)	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Acetaldehyde	75-07-0	2B	A	P	.	A3
Acetamide	..	2B	.	.	.	.
2-Acetylaminofluorene	53-96-3	.	A	P	X	.
Acrylamide	79-06-1	2B	A	P	.	A2
Acrylonitrile	107-13-1	2A	A	X	X	A2
Actinomycin D	50-76-0	.	.	.	.	.
Adriamycin	23214-92-8	2A	A	.	.	.
AF-2[2-(2-Furyl)-3-  (5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide]	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Alfatoxins	.	1	K	.	.	.
Aldrin	309-00-2	.	.	P	.	.
Aluminum Production	7429-90-5	1	.	.	.	.
2-Aminoanthraquinone	117-79-3	.	A	.	.	.
4-Aminodiphenyl	92-67-1	1	K	P	X	A1
0-Aminoazotoluene	.	.	A	.	.	.
1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone	82-28-0	.	A	.	.	.
Amitrole	61-82-5	.	A	P	.	.
para-Aminoazobenzene	.	2B	.	.	.	.
orsho-Anisidine	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Analgesic mixtures containing  Phenacetin	.	1	K	.	.	.
Androgenic (anabolic) steroids	.	2A	.	.	.	.
Aniline	62-53-3	.	.	P	.	.
0-Anisidine	90-04-0	.	.	P	.	.
0-Anisidine Hydrochloride	134-29-2	.	A	.	.	.
Antimony Trioxide Production	.	.	.	.	.	A2
Aramite	140-57-8	2B	.	.	.	.
Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds, Inorganic	7440-38-2	.	K	X	X	A1
Arsenic Trioxide Production	.	.	.	.	.	.
Asbestos	1332-21-4	1	K	X	X	.
Actinolite	.	.	.	.	X	.
Amosite	12172-73-5	.	.	.	.	A1
Anthophyllite	.	.	.	.	.	.
Chrysolite	12001-29-5	.	.	.	.	A1
Crocidolite	12001-28-4	.	.	.	.	A1
Tremolite	.	.	.	.	X	.
Other Forms	.	.	.	.	.	A1
Asphalt fumes	8052-42-4	.	.	X	.	.
Auramine (Technical Grade)	2465-27-2	.	.	.	.	.
Auramine,manufacture	.	1	.	.	.	.
Auramine,technical-grade	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Azaserine	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Azathioprine	446-86-6	1	K	.	.	.
Benz[a]anthracene	56-55-3	2A	A	.	.	A2
Benzene	71-43-2	1	K	X	X	A2
Benzidine	92-87-5	1	K	X	.	A1
Benzidine-based Dyes	.	2A	.	X	.	.
Benzo[b]fluoranthene	205-99-2	2B	A	.	.	A2
Benzo[j]fluoranthene	205-82-3	2B	A	.	.	.
Benzo[k]fluoranthene	207-08-9	2A	A	.	.	.
Benzo[a]pyrene	50-32-8	2A	A	.	.	A2
Benzotrichloride	98-07-7	.	A	.	.	.
Benzylviolet 4B	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Beryllium and Certain  Beryllium Compounds	7440-41-7	A	X	.	.	A2
Bete liquid with tobacco	.	1	.	.	.	.
N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-  2-naphthylamine(Chlornaphazine)	494-03-1	1	.	.	.	.
Bitumens, extracts of stem-  refined and air-refined	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Bischloroethyl Nitrosourea(BCNU)	154-93-8	2A	A	.	.	.
Bis-chloromethyle Ether (BCME)	542-88-1	1	.	.	.	.
Bleomycins	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Boot and Shoe Manufacture	.	1	.	.	.	.
Bracken fern	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Bromodichloromethane	.	.	A	.	.	.
1,3-Butadiene	106-99-0	2B	A	X	.	A2
1,4-Butanediol Dimethane-  Sulphonate (Myleran)	55-98-1	1	K	.	.	.
Butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA)	.	2B	A	.	.	.
Beta-Butyrolactone	.	2B	.	.	.	.
tert-Butyl chromate	1189-85-1	.	.	X	.	.
Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds	7440-43-9	2A	A	X	.	A2
Calcium Chromate	13765-19-0	.	.	.	.	A2
Carbon-Black Extracts	1333-86-4	2B	.	X	.	.
Carbon Tetrachloride	56-23-5	2B	A	X	.	A3
Captafol(Difolatan)	2425-06-1	.	.	P	.	.
Captan	133-06-2	.	.	P	.	.
Carpentry and Joinery	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Carrageenan (Degraded)	56-23-5	2B	.	.	.	.
Certain Combined Chemotherapy for Lymphomas	.	1	.	.	.	.
Chlorambucil	305-03-3	1	K	.	.	.
Chloramphenicol	56-75-7	2B	.	.	.	.
Chlordane	57-74-9	.	.	P	.	.
Chlordecone (Kepone)	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Chlorendic Acide	.	.	A	.	.	.
Chlorinated camphene	8001-35-2	.	.	P	.	.
Chlorinated Paraffins (C12, 60% chlorine)	.	.	A	.	.	.
Chlorodiphenyl	53469-21-9	.	.	P	.	.
Chlorodiphenyl	11097-69-1	.	.	P	.	.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-  1-nitrosourea (CCNU)	13010-47-4	2A	A	.	.	.
Alpha-Chlorinated toluenes	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Chloroform	67-66-3	2B	A	P	.	A2
bis(Chloromethyl) ether	542-88-1	.	K	X	X	A1
Chloromethyl Methyl Ether (Technical Grade)	107-30-2	.	K	P	X	A2
Chlorophenols (Occupational Exposure to)	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Chlorophenoxy herbicides	.	2B	.	.	.	.
3-Chloro-2-methylpropene	.	.	A	.	.	.
4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine	.	2B	A	.	.	.
Chloroprene	126-99-8	.	.	X	.	.
Para-Chloro-ortho-toluidine	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Chromic acid	7738-94-5	.	.	X	.	.
Chromite Ore Processing (Chromate)	.	.	.	.	.	A1
Chromite Compounds, hexavalent	.	1	.	.	.	.

CHEMICAL NAME/PROCESS	CAS NO	IARC1	NTP2	NIOSH3	OSHA4	ACGIH5
Chromium (VI), Compounds	18540-29-9	.	K	X	.	.
Water Soluble	.	.	.	.	.	.
Water Insoluble	.	.	.	.	.	A1
Chromyl chloride	14977-61-8	.	.	X	.	.
Chrysene	218-01-9	.	.	X	.	A2
C.I. Basic Red 9 Monohydrochloride	.	.	A	.	.	.
Cisplatin	15663-27-1	2A	A	.	.	.
Citrus Red No.2	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Coal Gasification	.	1	.	.	.	.
Coal Liquifaction	.	.	.	.	.	.
Coal-Tar Products	.	1	.	.	.	.
Coal-Tar Pitch Volatiles	65996-03-2	1	.	X	X	A1
Coke Oven Emissions	.	1	A	X	X	.
Combined Oral Contraceptives	1	.	.	.	.	.
Conjugated Estrogens	.	.	K	.	.	.
Creosotes	.	2A	.	.	.	.
para-Cresidine	120-71-8	2B	A	.	.	.
Cupferron	135-20-6	.	A	.	.	.
Cycasin	14901-08-7	2B	.	.	.	.
Cyclophosphamide	50-18-0	1	K	.	.	.
Dacarbazine	4342-03-4	2B	A	.	.	.
Daunomycin	.	2B	.	.	.	.
DDT	50-29-3	2B	A	P	.	.
N,N-Diacetylbenzidine	.	2B	.	.	.	.
2,4-Diaminoanisole and its salts	615-05-4	2B	.	P	.	.
2,4-Diaminoanisole Sulfate	39156-41-7	.	A	.	.	.
2,4-Diaminotoluene	95-80-7	2B	A	.	.	.
4,4-Diaminodiphenyl ether	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Dibenz[a,h]acridine	226-36-8	2B	A	.	.	.
Dibenz[a,j]acridine	224-42-0	2B	A	.	.	.
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene	53-70-3	2A	A	.	.	.
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole	194-59-2	2B	A	.	.	.
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene	192-65-4	2B	A	.	.	.
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene	189-64-0	2B	A	.	.	.
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene	189-55-9	2B	A	.	.	.
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene	191-30-0	2B	A	.	.	.
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)	96-12-8	2B	A	X	X	.
1,2-Dibromoethane(EDB)	.	.	A	.	.	.
Dichloroacetylene	7572-29-4	.	.	P	.	.
Para-Dichlorobenzene	106-46-7	2B	.	P	.	A3
1,4-Dichlorobenzene	.	.	A	.	.	.
3,3 - Dichlorobenzidine	91-94-1	2B	A	P	.	A2
3,3 - Dichlorobenzidine Dihydrochloride	.	.	A	.	.	.
3,3 - Dichlorobenzidine Salts	.	.	.	.	X	.
1,2-Dichloroethane	.	2B	A	.	.	.
1,4-Dichloro-2-butene	764-41-0	.	.	.	.	A2
Dichloromethane	.	2B	A	.	.	.
1,3-Dichloropropene (technical-grade)	542-75-6	2B	A	P	.	.
Dieldrin	60-57-1	.	.	P	.	.
Dienestrol	84-17-3	.	.	.	.	.
Diepoxybutane	1464-53-1	2B	A	.	.	.
Diesel exhaust	.	.	.	P	.	.
Di(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether(DGE)	2238-07-5	.	.	.	.	.
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	117-81-7	2B	A	P	.	.
1,2-Diethylhydrazine	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Diethylstillbestrol (DES)	56-53-1	1	K	.	.	.
Diethyl Sulphate	64-67-5	.	A	.	.	.
Diglycidyl resorcinol ether	2238-07-5	2B	A	P	.	.
Dihydrosafrole	.	2B	.	.	.	.
3,3 - Dimethoxybenzidine	119-90-4	2B	A	.	.	.
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene	60-11-7	2B	A	P	X	.
trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]  -5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride	79-44-7	2A	A	P	.	A2
3,3-Dimethylbenzidine	.	2B	A	.	.	.
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine	57-14-7	2B	A	P	.	A2
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Dimethyl Sulfate	77-78-1	2A	A	P	.	A2
Dimethylvinyl Chloride	.	.	A	.	.	.
Dinitrotoluene	25321-14-6	.	.	P	.	A2
1,4-Dioxane	123-91-1	2B	A	P	.	.
Direct Black 38, Technical	1937-37-7	.	A	.	.	.
Direct Blue 6, Technical	2602-46-2	.	A	.	.	.
Direct Brown 95, Technical	16071-86-6	.	.	.	.	.
Epichlorohydrin	106-89-8	2A	A	X	.	.
Erionite	.	1	K	.	.	.
Estrogens (Not Conjugated):  Estradiol - 17	.	.	A	.	.	.
Estrone	.	.	A	.	.	.
Ethinylestradiol	.	.	A	.	.	.
Mestranol	.	.	A	.	.	.
Ethylacrylate	140-88-5	2B	A	P	.	A2
Ethyl bromide	74-96-4	.	.	.	.	A2
Ethinylesttradiol	57-63-6	.	.	.	.	.
Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)	106-93-4	2A	.	P	.	A2
Ethylene Dichloride (EDC)	107-06-2	.	.	P	.	.
Ethyleneimine	151-56-4	.	.	P	X	.
Ethylene Oxide	75-21-8	2A	A	X	X	A2
N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea	.	2A	.	.	.	.
Ethylene Thiourea	96-45-7	2B	A	P	.	.
Ethyl Methanesulphonate	62-50-0	2B	A	.	.	.
Formaldehyde	50-00-0	2A	A	X	X	A2
2-(2-Formythydrazino)  -4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole	.	2B	.	.	.	.

CHEMICAL NAME/PROCESS	CAS NO	IARC1	NTP2	NIOSH3	OSHA4	ACGIH5
Furniture Manufacture	.	1	.	.	.	.
2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-  acrylamide	3688-53-7	.	.	.	.	.
Gallium arsenide	1303-00-0	.	.	X	.	.
Gasoline	8006-61-9	.	.	X	.	.
Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6  methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3,2-d]imidazole)	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Glu-P-2 (2-  Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3,2-d}imidazole)	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Gyromitrine	16568-02-8	.	.	.	.	.
Glycidaldehyde	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Griseofulvin	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Hematite Underground Mining (with exposure to radon)	.	1	.	.	.	.
Heptachlor	76-44-8	.	.	P	.	.
Hexachlorobenzene	118-74-1	.	A	.	.	.
Hexachlorobutadiene	87-68-3	.	.	P	.	A2
Hexachloroethane	67-72-1	.	.	P	.	A2
Hexamethyl Phosphoramide	680-31-9	2B	A	.	.	A2
Hydrazine	302-01-2	2B	A	P	.	A2
Hydrazine Sulfate	10034-93-2	.	A	.	.	.
Hydrazobenzene	122-66-7	.	A	.	.	.
ICR 170	146-59-8	.	.	.	.	.
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene	193-39-5	2B	A	.	.	.
Iron and Steel Founding	.	1	.	.	.	.
Iron Dextran Complex	88154-94-3	2B	A	.	.	.
IQ(2-Amino-3-methylimidazo  [4,5-f]quinoline	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Isopropyl Alcohol Manufacture  (Strong Acid Process)	67-63-0	1	.	P	.	.
Kepone (Chlordecone)	143-50-0	.	A	X	.	.
Lasiocarpine	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Lead and lead  compounds, inorganic	.	2B	.	.	X	.
Lead Chromate	7758-97-6	.	.	.	.	A2
Lead Acetate	301-04-2	.	A	.	.	.
Lead Phosphate	7446-27-7	.	A	.	.	.
Lindan and Other Haxachloro-  Cyclohexane Isomers	58-89-9	.	A	.	.	.
Malonaldehyde	542-78-9	.	.	P	.	.
Manufacture of Magenta	.	1	.	.	.	.
MeA-a-C(2-Amino-3-methyl-  9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole)	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Medroxyprogesterone acetate	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Melphalan	148-82-3	1	K	.	.	.
Merphalan	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Mestranol	72-33-3	.	.	.	.	.
Methoxsalen with Ultra-Violet  A Therapy (PUVA)	298-81-7	1	K	.	.	.
Methoxychlor	72-43-5	.	.	P	.	.
2-Methylaziridine	.	2B	A	.	.	.
Methylazoxymethanol and its acetate	.	2B	.	.	.	.
5-Methoxypsoralen	.	2A	.	.	.	.
5-Methylchrysene	3697-24-3	.	A	.	.	.
4,4-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)  (MOCA)	101-14-4	2A	A	.	.	A2
4,4-Methylenebis(n,n-dimethyl)  benzenamine	69522-43-6	.	A	P	.	.
4,4-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline)	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Methylene Chloride	75-09-2	.	.	P	.	A2
4,4-Methylene Dianiline	101-77-9	2B	A	X	.	A2
N-Methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG)	.	2A	.	.	.	.
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea	.	2A	.	.	.	.
Methyl Bromide	74-83-9	.	.	P	.	.
Methyl Chloride	74-87-3	.	.	P	.	.
Methyl Hydrazine	60-34-4	.	.	P	.	A2
Methyl Iodide	74-88-4	.	.	P	.	A2
Methyl Methanesulphonate	66-27-3	2B	A	.	.	.
2-Methyl-nitroanthraquinone  (uncertain purity)	.	2B	.	.	.	.
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane	.	2B	.	.	.	.
N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitro-  guanidine	70-25-7	.	A	.	.	.
Methylthiouracil	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Metronidazole	443-48-1	2B	A	.	.	.
Michler's Ketone	90-94-8	.	A	.	.	.
Mineral Oils (untreated & mildly-treated)	.	1	.	.	.	.
Mirex	2385-85-5	2B	A	.	.	.
Mitomycin C	50-07-7	2B	.	.	.	.
Monochloroethane	.	.	.	P	.	.
Monocrotaline	.	2B	.	.	.	.
MOPP(combined therapy-  with nitrogen mustard, vicristine,  procarbazine and prednisone)	.	1	.	.	.	.
5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-  [(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Mustard Gas (Sulphur mustard)	505-60-2	1	K	.	.	.
Nafenopin	.	2B	.	.	.	.
2-Naphthylamine	.	1	K	.	.	.
alpha-Naphthylamine	134-32-7	.	.	X	X	.
beta-Naphthylamine	91-59-8	.	.	X	X	A1
Nickel Carbonyl	13463-39-3	.	.	X	.	.
Nickel and Nickel Compounds	7440-02-0	1	A	X	.	.
Nickel, Inorganic Compounds	.	.	.	X	.	.
Nickel Refining	.	.	.	.	.	.
Nickel Sulfide Roasting,  Fume and Dust	.	.	.	X	.	A1
Niridazole	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Nitrilotriacetic Acid	139-13-9	.	A	.	.	.
5-Nitroacenaphthene	.	2B	.	.	.	.
5-Nitro-o-anisidine	99-59-2	.	.	.	.	.
4-Nitrodiphenyl	92-93-3	.	.	P	X	A1
p-Nitrochlorobenzene	100-00-5	.	.	P	.	.
Nitrofen	1836-75-5	2B	A	.	.	.
1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]  -2-imidazolidinone	.	2B	.	.	.	.
N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-  2-thiazolyl]acetamide	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Nitrogen Mustard	55-86-7	2A	A	.	.	.
Nitrogen Mustard N-oxide	.	2B	.	.	.	.
2-Nitronaphthalene	581-89-5	.	.	X	.	.
2-Nitropropane	79-46-9	2B	A	P	.	A2
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine	924-16-3	2B	A	.	.	.
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine	1116-54-7	2B	A	.	.	.
N-Nitrosodiethylamine	55-18-5	2A	A	.	.	.
N-Nitrosodimethylamine	62-75-9	2A	A	P	X	A2
P-Nitrosodiphenylamine	156-10-5	.	.	.	.	.
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine	621-64-7	2B	A	.	.	.
3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)  propionitrile	.	2B	.	.	.	.

CHEMICAL NAME/PROCESS	CAS NO	IARC1	NTP2	NIOSH3	OSHA4	ACGIH5
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-  1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone(NNK)	.	2B	A	.	.	.
N-Nitroso-n-ethylurea	759-73-9	.	A	.	.	.
N-Nitroso-n-methylurea	684-93-5	.	A	.	.	.
N-Nitrosomethylethylamine	.	2B	.	.	.	.
N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine	4549-40-0	2B	A	.	.	.
N-Nitrosomorpholine	59-89-2	2B	A	.	.	.
N-Nitrosonornicotine	16543-55-8	2B	A	.	.	.
N-Nitrosopiperidine	100-75-4	2B	A	.	.	.
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine	930-55-2	2B	A	.	.	.
N-Nitrososarcosine	13256-22-9	2B	A	.	.	.
Norethisterone	68-22-4	.	A	.	.	.
Ochratoxin A	.	.	A	.	.	.
Oestradiol-17B	50-28-2	.	.	.	.	.
Oestrogen replacement compounds	.	1	.	.	.	.
Oestrogens, nonsteroidal	.	1	.	.	.	.
Oestrogens,steroidal	.	1	.	.	.	.
Oestrone	53-16-7	.	.	.	.	.
Oil Orange SS	.	2B	.	.	.	.
4,4-Oxydianiline	.	A	.	.	.	.
Oxymetholone	434-07-1	.	.	.	.	.
Panfuran S  (containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine)	.	2B	.	.	.	.
Perchloroethylene	127-18-4	.	.	.	.	A3
Pesticide Manufacture  and Formulation	.	.	.	.	.	.
Phenacetine	62-44-2	2A	A	.	.	.
Phenazopyridine	94-78-0	.	.	.	.	.
.Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride	136-40-3	2B	A